NBEO Neuroscience Practice Test

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• Damage to which region results in non-fluent or 'broken' speech?
• Malignant hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than ____________ mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than _____________ mmHg.
• An elevated ESR and CRP in a patient with unilateral disc edema is most suspicious of which systemic disease?
• Which photoreceptors mediate scotopic vision and which mediate photopic vision?
• Which combination of signs is most characteristic of Horner's syndrome?
• What is the LEAST likely cause of CN III aberrant regeneration?
• What is the effect of CN III palsy on the pupil?
• Compare demyelinating optic neuropathy and compressive optic neuropathy in terms of onset, pain, and imaging features.
• Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?
• In the LGN, does each layer receive input from a single eye?
• External ophthalmoplegia refers to paralysis of the __________.
• What role do intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) play in vision?
• Which statement best describes papilledema in terms of laterality and appearance on examination?
• Which ion has a higher extracellular concentration relative to inside a neuron?
• Which MRI finding is commonly associated with optic neuritis?
• Which type of optic atrophy is due to mitochondrial DNA mutations and is inherited from the mother?
• Which optic nerve condition is inherited through maternal mitochondrial DNA mutations?
• In the pupillary light reflex, which statement best describes the direct response?
• In the pupillary light reflex, which statement best describes the afferent and efferent pathways?
• Where is the primary visual cortex located and what is its Brodmann area?
• Which retinal layer contains the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells?
• Which of the following is NOT an etiology of a mydriatic pupil?
• What is the typical visual field and acuity presentation with an anterior visual pathway (optic nerve) lesion?
• Retrograde degeneration is damage from the eye towards the brain or the brain towards the eye?
• What is the most common etiology of CN IV palsy?
• Which condition is the MOST likely cause of an Argyll Robertson pupil?
• Bilateral INO is most suggestive of which of the following conditions?
• Which structure contains the parasympathetic cell bodies that mediate the near response via CN III to the ciliary ganglion?
• Which artery is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk?
• Which statement correctly describes intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)?
• Which sign is classically described as vermiform movement of the iris?
• Which statement about papilledema is true?
• Which Light Near Dissociation is caused by a tectotegmental tract lesion and is most commonly associated with neurosyphilis?
• What findings characterize abducens nerve (CN VI) palsy?
• Which set of structures coordinates smooth pursuit eye movements?
• Which option best describes the role of the frontal eye fields (FEF)?
• Which of the following is NOT true regarding Thyroid Eye Disease?
• How is Myasthenia Gravis best classified?
• Argyll Robertson pupil is defined by light near dissociation with which feature?
• Which of the following is NOT a well known inflammatory cause of unilateral optic disc edema?
• Which statement about optic nerve glioma is true?
• Which of the following is NOT used to diagnose Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA)?
• Which sequence correctly lists retinal layers from outermost to innermost?
• Which fundoscopic finding is most characteristic of glaucomatous damage?
• Cerebrum originates from which primary brain vesicle?
• A focal lesion to the calcarine cortex typically produces which type of visual field deficit, and what explains macular sparing in some PCA strokes?
• Toxic/nutritional optic neuropathy typically presents with which type of visual field defect?
• What is the most common cause of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION)?
• Which medication, when overused, can cause pharmacologic mydriasis that mimics a third nerve palsy?
• Which retinal cells form the optic nerve?
• Which of the following structures is NOT found in the temporal lobe?
• Which of the following correctly pairs a brain structure with its embryonic origin?
• Which statement about Multiple Sclerosis is true?
• Damage to which region results in fluent but nonsensical or 'wordy' speech?
• Which pharmacological agent will NOT cause dilation in a patient with pre-ganglionic Horner's syndrome?
• Which of the following is a post-ganglionic etiology of Horner's syndrome?
• Which structure is derived from the diencephalon?
• Which statement correctly identifies the two major cortical visual streams and their terminating cortical areas?
• Which of the following is NOT a pre-ganglionic Horner's syndrome etiology?
• Approximately what percentage of MG patients have a thymoma?
• A dilated pupil in a comatose patient caused by a tumor or subdural hematoma compressing the superficial pupillary fibers of CN III is known as which pupil?
• Which of the following conditions is MOST likely associated with a macular exudative star?
• Which of the following is NOT a major function of the Frontal Lobe?
• Which pair of arteries are commonly cited as the two main supplies to the occipital lobe?
• Differentiate optic neuritis from amaurosis fugax in terms of etiology and course.
• Which of the following would you LEAST expect to cause pharmacologic dilation of a patient?
• When does the vision loss in NAION usually occur?
• Which congenital optic nerve anomaly is associated with a 'double-ring' sign?
• What are the typical signs of trochlear nerve (CN IV) palsy?
• How can optic neuritis be differentiated from compressive optic neuropathy on clinical exam and imaging?
• What is a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and how is it tested?
• Which of the following is NOT a major function of the hypothalamus?
• Which optic nerve condition commonly has a relatively favorable visual prognosis?
• Pituitary tumor is an orthograde degeneration etiology?
• Which of the following etiologies of optic nerve edema is LEAST likely to affect visual acuity?
• Which neurotransmitter is associated with amacrine cell signaling in the retina?
• What is considered the most common hereditary optic atrophy?
• Which of the following muscles is NOT affected by Myasthenia Gravis?
• Which tumor is associated with Myasthenia Gravis in about 10% of patients?
• Describe the near triad and the nerves involved.
• In glaucoma, which type of visual field loss is typically observed as the disease progresses?
• Which of the following is NOT an etiology of a miotic pupil?
• Uhtoff's phenomenon is most associated with which diagnosis?
• The Cerebrum was derived from which embryonic brain division?
• Which neurotransmitter is most associated with Myasthenia Gravis?
• What is the most likely etiology of a dilated pupil that does not constrict with both 0.125% and 1% Pilocarpine?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of unilateral disc edema?
• Which brain structures are derived from the metencephalon?
• Which autoimmune condition is characterized by autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the NMJ?
• Which of the following is NOT associated with a Tonic Pupil?
• Which statement best describes the typical exam finding in Horner's syndrome?
• Which statement is true regarding Thyroid Eye Disease?
• Which of the following is NOT associated with optic nerve pallor?
• A pupil with CN III palsy is most concerning for an aneurysm at the junction where which two arteries meet?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy from non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy?
• Anhydrosis is more prominent in which type of Horner's syndrome?
• Which statement best explains macular sparing in PCA strokes?
• Which is the relay station between retina and primary visual cortex located in the thalamus?
• Which of the following is NOT associated with Giant Cell Arteritis?
• An afferent pupillary defect typically indicates a lesion in which location?
• What is the diagnostic agent of choice for a suspected Tonic pupil?
• Which finding at the optic nerve head is classically associated with glaucoma?
• How are LGN layers organized with respect to input eye and cell type?
• What does Visual Evoked Potential testing assess?
• Fatigue in Myasthenia Gravis typically worsens with use and improves with rest. Which option best describes this?
• Which of the following is typically found in a patient with optic neuritis but NOT NAION?
• Diabetic papillopathy is more often associated with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes?
• Which finding on fundoscopic exam is most consistent with loss of the retinal nerve fiber layer due to glaucoma?
• Which of the following is NOT considered an orthograde degeneration etiology of the optic nerve?
• A lesion of the pretectal area would most likely produce which change in the pupillary response?
• Giant Cell Arteritis predominantly involves which class of blood vessels?
• Which ion is more abundant inside a neuron?
• Which is the most common benign orbital neoplasm found in adults?
• Macular sparing in a PCA territory stroke is explained by what vascular mechanism?
• Cocaine can be used to help diagnose Horner's syndrome by inhibiting the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?
• Which neurotransmitters act as inhibitory interneurons in retinal signaling?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of trochlear nerve (CN IV) palsy?
• Which artery does NOT directly supply the Circle of Willis?
• Which of the following is an orthograde degeneration etiology?
• What feature distinguishes papilledema from optic neuritis on fundoscopic examination?
• A lesion located posterior to the lateral geniculate nucleus would most likely not cause an afferent pupillary defect.
• Which biomarker is typically elevated in suspected giant cell arteritis?
• Which LGN layers are magnocellular?
• A lesion at the optic chiasm produces which visual field defect, and what is the anatomic reason?
• Which cranial nerve carries afferent input for the pupillary light reflex?
• In the near triad, which statement accurately reflects CN involvement and functions?
• Enlarged blind spot on the visual field is a feature of which condition?
• In Myasthenia Gravis, autoantibodies are directed toward which component at the NMJ?
• Which condition is most closely linked to a neurosyphilis infection among the listed light near dissociations?
• The Circle of Willis receives direct input primarily from which vessels?
• Toxic/nutritional optic neuropathy typically presents with ____________ pallor.
• Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction?
• AAION stands for which condition?
• Which statement about diagnostic tests for giant cell arteritis is true?
• Which structure is most directly associated with the parasympathetic component of the near response during pupil constriction and lens accommodation?
• Paton's lines temporal to the disc are most characteristic of which condition?
• Name the common human color vision deficiencies and the cone photopigment affected.
• Which cranial nerve is most susceptible to trauma?
• What are typical fundoscopic features of papilledema due to raised intracranial pressure?
• Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for NAION?
• In Myasthenia Gravis, autoantibodies are directed against which receptor?
• Orthograde degeneration is caused by damage from the eye towards the brain or the brain towards the eye?
• How does elevated intraocular pressure contribute to retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma?
• Is the phrase 'disc at risk' more associated with AAION or NAION?
• Which lobe is associated with planning of motor activities?
• Which visual field finding may be present in papilledema?
• In the consensual pupillary light reflex, the pupil of the opposite eye constricts when light is shone in one eye.
• The cerebellum is derived from which embryonic division?
• Describe the rod phototransduction cascade moving from dark to light.
• Which statement best describes the intracellular/extracellular distributions of potassium and sodium?
• What is the primary function of motion processing in the dorsal visual stream?
• Which visual field defect is produced by damage to Meyer's loop in the left temporal lobe?
• Which of the following is NOT known to cause disc edema?
• Optic disc drusen are ______________ bodies located within the optic disc.
• Does Myasthenia Gravis primarily affect voluntary or involuntary muscles?
• Which diagnosis is commonly associated with small vessel disease and sudden painless vision loss?
• How do rods and cones differ in distribution and response to light?
• Where are the acetylcholine receptors that MG targets located?
• Which lobe is primarily responsible for initiating ipsilateral pursuits?
• Wernicke's area is located in which lobe of the brain?
• Which Light Near Dissociation condition is MOST associated with a decreased deep tendon reflex?
• In visual evoked potentials, what does P100 latency reflect?
• Which area is primarily associated with language comprehension?
• What is the most common location of an optic nerve coloboma?
• What is the most common cause of compressive optic neuropathy?
• Will a pre-ganglionic or post-ganglionic Horner's syndrome dilate with Hydroxyamphetamine?
• In the pupillary light reflex, the afferent limb carries information from which structure?
• Name the retinal cells primarily responsible for lateral inhibition shaping receptive fields in outer and inner retina.
• Which area is primarily associated with language production?
• The midbrain was derived from which embryonic brain division?
• What is the main neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?
• Which of the following is an orbital lesion (not intrinsic to the optic nerve)?
• Which of the following is considered the most common intrinsic tumor of the optic nerve?
• The resting potential of a neuron is approximately within which range in millivolts?
• Which artery is a primary supplier of the occipital lobe?
• Which two retinal interneuron types mediate lateral inhibition?
• The Pons and Cerebellum were derived from which embryonic brain division?
• Which of the following conditions can cause unilateral optic disc edema?
• The thalamus was derived from which embryonic brain division?
• Which pupil finding describes dilation due to compression of the superficial pupillary fibers by a mass?
• Which of the following is NOT a cause of a compressive lesion anterior to the optic chiasm that can cause optic disc edema?
• Which of the following is NOT associated with Multiple Sclerosis?
• Which neurotransmitter modulates contrast and adaptation in the retina?
• In Thyroid Eye Disease, which extraocular muscles are usually affected first?
• Which pharmacologic agent is commonly used topically to reveal Horner's syndrome due to denervation hypersensitivity?
• Which statement describes the pretectal area's role in the pupillary light reflex?
• Internal ophthalmoplegia refers to paralysis of the __________.
• Argyll Robertson pupil is a miotic pupil associated with which condition?
• What role does the superior colliculus play in eye movements?
• Which of the following is NOT a major cause of hypotony?
• Which option correctly lists the major relay stations from photoreceptors to the primary visual cortex?
• Macular exudative star is most characteristic of which condition?
• What is the diagnostic agent of choice for suspected CN III palsy?
• Which stream processes spatial location and motion and ends in the parietal cortex?
• Which artery supplies the most regions of the brain including the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes?
• What is the only neurological finding that can be found in a patient diagnosed with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension?
• Which statement correctly describes the cortical endpoint of the dorsal visual stream?
• How is contrast sensitivity affected in glaucoma and how does it differ from acuity testing?
• Which nerve mediates the efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex to constrict the sphincter pupillae?
• Foster Kennedy syndrome classically presents with which combination?
• Which finding is NOT typically associated with papilledema?
• Which retinal layer houses the synapses between bipolar cells and ganglion/amacrine cells?
• Which phenomenon is the sensation of an electric shock that quickly travels down the back and into the limbs with flexure of the neck and is associated with Multiple Sclerosis?
• Which of the following will NOT cause an afferent pupillary defect (APD)?
• How does color vision opponency arise physiologically?
• Which cranial nerves and their roles comprise the near triad?
• Foster Kennedy syndrome is caused by a tumor in which lobe of the brain?
• Which neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory signal at photoreceptor synapses in the retina?
• Which symptom is particularly associated with optic neuritis?
• In a healthy person, is intraocular pressure (IOP) or intracranial pressure (ICP) higher?
• Typical optic neuritis is associated with which systemic condition?
• List common clinical signs of oculomotor nerve (CN III) palsy.
• The Medulla was derived from which embryonic brain division?
• Which of the following is NOT a diagnosis of exclusion?
• Foster Kennedy syndrome is a rare condition caused by a frontal lobe tumor and presents with simultaneous optic disc edema in one eye and optic disc atrophy in the fellow eye.
• Which Light Near Dissociation is primarily caused by a lesion of the ciliary ganglion?
• Broca's area and Wernicke's area are located in which respective lobes?
• How does optical coherence tomography reveal nerve fiber layer thinning in glaucoma?
• Giant Cell Arteritis affects which size vessels?
• Myasthenia Gravis is usually worse at which time of day?
• Lesion to Meyer's loop in the temporal lobe causes which quadrantanopia, and on which side?
• What is the term for membrane potential becoming more negative than resting during an action potential overshoot?
• Which of the following medications is NOT associated with papilledema?
• Which condition is typically bilateral rather than unilateral when presenting with optic disc edema?
• What is the MOST common cause of Neuroretinitis?